Taking a Look at Culture Shock - 743 Words

Culture shock can be described as a psychological disorientation caused by a misunderstanding or disagreement arising from cultural differences. Though there has been numerous discussions on the most contemporary definitions of culture shock, it is commonly agreed that it is a normal reaction when an individuals with core values, beliefs, customs and behaviours experience when encountered with new environment and, more importantly, new culture. The term ‘shock’ is, though its degree varies with people and may not be recognised at all, normally used to describe discomfort, stress, anxiety and even confusion and disorientation individuals may experience while undergoing cultural adaptation. A number of factors can arouse culture shock, including a loss of familiar signs and symbols such as words, facial expressions and customs. Another important factor is cultural incompetence resulting from insufficient exposure to different culture. In that sense, while culture shock is the term mostly implied to visitors or immigrants who arrived to another country, and hence another culture, this indicates that a local community can be culturally shocked to another local community as well. For example, cultural differences between Aboriginal people in Australia and the country’s dominant social population could invoke culture shock between one another. â€Å"Crossing the line† features a number of examples of culture shock. This one-hour long documentary highlights this by exploring eightShow MoreRelatedCulture Shock By Peter L. Berger990 Words   |  4 PagesL. Berger once said, â€Å"The sociologist routinely experiences culture shock in his own home.† The definition of cultural shock is when someone finds himself or herself in an environment that’s unfamiliar and someone doesn’t really know how to act or do. It is out of the person’s comfort zone and to try to fit and feel included in society, once must first face the uncertainty of how the unknown culture acts like. When the sociologist looks closely at these things, he finds unexpected motives, outcomesRead MoreCulture Shock Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiences fall can be described as culture shock. Culture Shock can be anything from things like being in a new person’s house to trying a new food. An experience where I personall y went through culture shock was when I got my dog Peanut. Coming from a family unit with just me and my grandparents even a small dog was a huge change for me. There were I remember some ups and the downs that came with having a new pet. Generally there are four stages of culture shock That I and most will encounter whichRead MoreMilgram s Theory Of Obedience Experiments1133 Words   |  5 Pageswere paid a sum of $4.50. Milgram was to use a shock generator that started with 30 volts and increased with 15 volts up to the maximum of 450 volts. The main switches were labeled with terms such as: slight shock, moderate shock, danger, severe shock, and XXX. The participants were named as teachers who were to deliver a shock to students as punishment for incorrect answer to questions. The teacher participants had believed that they were delivering shock to students, but in actuality there was a bitRead MoreThe Problem Of Discrimination Against The Disabled Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pag esThere are many isms that exist in today’s American culture. Because of these discriminations put on others, there are plenty of ways to stop such hatred. Ableism has been around for a long time and continues to be an issue today. Because of discrimination against the disabled, there have been negative impacts on society; for example, society has turned disabilities into inabilities. In fact, it is society that has stopped the disabled from reaching success. 54 million people suffer from some sortRead MoreThe Promise Of Sociology, By Charles Wright Mills1133 Words   |  5 Pagesof human social relationships and institutions. It studies the structure, development, and functioning of a society as a whole. Comparative sociology is a social science that measures social change over time. Social change is the way societies and cultures are altered over time, which produces the mode of production. Mode of production is a system that determines the way societies survive and remain functioning. â€Å"The Promise of Sociology written by Charles Wright Mills explains that most men are unableRead MoreMulticulturalism : People From All Around The World1326 Words   |  6 PagesMulticulturalism: people from all around the world live in Canada.With all kinds of backgrounds, cultures and religious beliefs. Canada is seen as the country of mosaiques because we fit everyone in, everyone is welcome. Freedom: in Canada everyone has human rights, such as, the right to speak up, wear whatever clothing you like, practicing another faith, we do not have a dictatorship, and are against violence, etc. Free health care: everyone has access to it Equality: Men and women are seen as equalsRead MoreSepsis : A Systemic And Response Of The Immune System1244 Words   |  5 Pageskidneys and the heart, which often results in multiple organ failure with the possibility of death. Sepsis can develop into septic shock which is the point where the patient’s blood pressure drops to a dangerous level due to the presence of bacteria in the body. Patients diagnosed with sever sepsis have a 20-30% chance of death, whilst those diagnosed with septic shock have an even higher percentage of death at 40 – 70% (Lever, Mackenzie, 2007) Research into sepsis has found that up to 50 people inRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club Socratic Seminar Questions1104 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican-raised daughters. Although both sides experience their own strife in life, the mothers are probably most notable for their struggle in assimilating to society. Given that they are the first generations to have contact with the unfamiliar culture, they must set foot onto the foreign land and sustain a stable life in order to provide for her children and give them a prosperous life. The mothers are required to adapt to the language, environment, social roles, and etc. Flexibility and adaptabilityRead MoreThe Differences Between Our Culture And That Of Saudi Arabia1734 Words   |  7 Pagesreport set up on the cultural differences between our culture and t hat of Saudi Arabia. In the report, there would be further explanation of the differences of cultures pertaining to religion and general way of communicating. Furthermore, the report would be used as a learning tool, by describing the sensitivity and actions around the different categories of cultural awareness, cultural collision, using religion as a cultural stabilizer, culture shock and the ability to adjust. Once the study is completedRead MoreEssay Human Culture1693 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Culture is a learned behaviour made up with a shared set of; values, norms and beliefs which are governed by a sense of tradition and shared history that gives us a common identity. Since human beings are virtually identical biologically, as individuals our different characteristics can be explained and expressed through our human behaviour through symbolic representation. Our perception of the World around us can also influence our culture. For example; what we perceive or interpret as

Questions On Group And Team Terminology And Concepts From...

1. Questions Related to Group Dynamics Introduction This assignment asks you to respond to a number of questions that address the more. Be sure to include citations in proper APA citation format and a reference list following the conclusion of the essay. This assignment is worth 15 percent of your final course grade. Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to further develop your knowledge of group and team terminology and concepts from a theoretical perspective. Task Answer each of the following questions as a separate section in your essay. Remember that your response to each question is to be more than an impression, but rather is to be illustrative of research and the application of the theoretical to real world situations involving groups and teams. 1. How do Norms and Conformity Affect Group Behavior? 2. Define synergy and interdependence and describe why they are critical to teams. 3. Describe how group size affects group behavior. 4. Define group think. 5. Explain why teams provide enhanced job satisfaction to their members. Conduct Your assignment is to be not more than 6 pages double spaced using Time Roman 12 point font. It is to have an introduction and conclusion. You must include reference to the course readings or sources outside the course that you have consulted in preparation for this assignment. Be sure to properly cite your references and to provide a reference list following the conclusion to the essay. Marks This assignment is worth 15 marks towardShow MoreRelatedThe Synthesis Of Qualitative Research2265 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Traditionally, systematic reviews (SR) are descriptive secondary research, which may or may not be accompanied by statistical methods (metaanalysis) of pooling the results of primary, quantitative studies to answer a clinical question or test a hypothesis (Chalmers 1996). Similarly, qualitative primary studies can be pooled and synthesised in order to develop new theories to aid decision making, re-shape policies, and influence professional practices. Over the past 20 years, patient andRead MoreProject Management Project2025 Words   |  9 Pagesindependent requiring no prerequisite course. However, the students may find techniques and knowledge from the course of BA164BA–Production and Operations Management useful. Students majoring in International Business, Marketing and Business Management may later take BA171IU–Risk Management and BA149IU–New Product Planning in the following semester, which will complement and foster the skills learned from this course and employ the project management knowledge the students have accumulated here. 2Read MoreEmployee Engagement And Sustainable Talent Management2531 Words   |  11 PagesThe central argument of this report is to develop an in depth understanding of employee engagement and sustainable talent management. These concepts will be studied with reference to a well renowned charitable trust in the United Kingdom; known as the Dartington Hall. This report is expected to be of great relevance for more or less all those organizations that aim to work upon the proficiency and effectiveness of the engagement of their employees in the work and also upon rightfully managing theRead MoreThe Huddle Transitional Program And Social And Emotional Learning Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesemotional skills was introduced to students in small groups led by pre-service teachers, focussing on playing games that required attention to teamwork, individual effort, and competitive spirit. Following these games, discussions were held with the students, reflecting on the process in which they engaged emotionally and/or socially with aspects of successfully completing a game. Student would then write their reflections in response to structured questions into a booklet, allowing them to reflect againRead MoreBasic Strategies for Evaluating Counseling Outcomes1996 Words   |  8 Pagestherapy at large. One basic method of evaluating mental health outcomes from counseling is the matching model (Martin-Swartz-Kulstad, 2000). For example, counselors can use this model to determine the vocational, occupational, emotional or general well being status of a group of counselees years after therapy: this was done using a psychograph (Martin-Swartz-Kulstad, 2000). A typical study†¦ would follow up on a group of counselees to determine their vocational status some years after counseling†¦Read MoreBusiness Policy and Strategic Management2545 Words   |  11 Pages9:30am-1pm TU TH 3:30pm-5:30pm Or by appointment Text: Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, Strategic Management, 7th edition Case Packet: Available at the Bookstore COURSE DESCRIPTION In this course we will learn about a firm’s business policy – from how it chooses strategies to achieve its objectives. In particular, we will work to understand how organizational competencies can lead to sustainable competitive advantages, how industry competitive dynamics erode those advantages, and the integrativeRead MoreClil4529 Words   |  19 Pagesof CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 4. History of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 5. CLIL’S situation in Lithuania†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 6. The research of CLIL’S successfulness in tertiary level†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...13 7. Perspectives of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 LITERATURE INTRODUCTION CLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning is a part of European Commission Multilingualism, Foreign LanguageRead MoreClil4518 Words   |  19 PagesBenefits of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 4. History of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 5. CLIL’S situation in Lithuania†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 6. The research of CLIL’S successfulness in tertiary level†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...13 7. Perspectives of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 LITERATURE INTRODUCTION CLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning is a part of European Commission Multilingualism, Foreign LanguageRead MoreResearch Proposal : Risk Communication3198 Words   |  13 Pagesestablish the aims and objectives of the prosed research prior to addressing why the research is important. The paper will then elucidate the key terminologies and definitions used throughout the research, in order to explain the context in which these terms are used throughout the proposal. The research will also identify the theoretical perspectives, concepts and methodologies that will be utilized within the research. Finally any anticipated problems and ethical concerns will be considered examinedRead MoreAbstract: Culture6941 Words   |  28 Pageson understanding, the translator needs knowledge in order to detect cultural aspects. This is possible by putting down implicit cultural references to certain structures on the text level. Cultural elements appear in the text on all levels â€⠀œ from the concept and form of words, to the sentence and text structure, to pragmatics. Examples for the various appearances are presented in the first part of the paper. The second part discusses translation as a writing process. Here the categories of attention

Sex Education And Sexual Education - 948 Words

According to U.S center for disease control and prevention, last year only 34 out of 1,000 teen females gave birth which it the lowest since 1946. The reason behind this decline is comprehensive sex education taught in schools. One the other hand, the opponents believe that the reason for this decline is the sex education classes that teach about not having sex. Even when most schools are teaching abstinences only sex education about sixty-six percent of high school students says they are sexually active. Which concludes that the abstinences only sex education is not working and is not the proper way of teaching sex education in schools. Not teaching proper sex education may result in teen pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. According to, Center of disease control and prevention, last year, 26% people diagnosed with HIV were teens aged thirteen to nineteen. Even though supports of abstinences only sex education have a delusional thinking that comprehensive sex education will increase students to have sex more often, it should still be taught in schools as research show it declines teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease in teens. The survey done by Centers of disease control concludes that nearly about 10 million sexually transmitted disease are contracted every year in the U.S. Even though there is some decline the teen pregnancy over time, last year 273,105 babies were born to females aged thirteen to nineteen. There are many consequences of giving birthShow MoreRelatedSex Education And Sexual Education1253 Words   |  6 Pagesteach sexual education classes, or teach abstinence education classes? Pregnancy rates in America are slowly decreasing, but are still extremely high. According to K. F. Stanger-Hall (2011), Pregnancy rates in America are more than double the rates of other countries with 72.2% per 1000 girls between the ages of 15-19 becoming pregnant. The best way to lower teen pregnancy is to teach about prevention in schools with sex education or abstinence classes. Teenagers need to learn about sex so thatRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education991 Words   |  4 PagesCountless avenues shape our knowledge of sex; whether its teachers, parents, media, or other sources. At some point most individuals receive an account of sex education. These lessons, connections, and knowledge we acquire impact our ideas about sex. The subject of my interview, whom we’ll refer to as Jessica, was no exception. Jessica is a 21-year-old, who grew up in a small, conservative North Carolina town. The public schools she attended taught sex education from an abstinence perspective and usedRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education884 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"After a while, sex became a reality. It’s a lot harder to abstain when you’re actually in the moment, faced with that decision† (Stevens). Individuals encounter the reality of coming face to face with the temptations of intercourse; over time it becomes harder to sustain from joining the system. Students devour lust, but do not know how to control themselves and sex education provides substantial advice. With this in mind, sex education provides preparedness, answers questions, and creates awarenessRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Education1762 Word s   |  8 Pagesimportance of sexual education and describe differences and similarities in some of the research done on this topic. Having sexual education available to youth is the key in reducing the number of unwanted situations in the sexual health of the individuals. Teaching adolescents about sex is beneficial because they become aware of consequence that might follow specific actions. This is a chance to ensure adolescents take safer routes when deciding to become sexually active. Youth sexual education has beenRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesalways affected the essence and teaching of sex education in the United States in different ways. Various sexual education methods exits, however comprehensive and abstinence-only programs are the most commonly know in public schools. Although many schools in the United States prefer to give an abstinence-only lecture, the results shown proof that these programs are ineffective because it s imply does not fit the reality we live in, comprehensive sex education works better, and they do not offer honestRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Education1358 Words   |  6 PagesDo Not Have Sex, You Will Get Pregnant Die (Mean Girls) What if a rapist was coming at someone? Do kids know what to do besides lie on the ground and cry? What if a teenager had an unplanned pregnancy? Do they know their options about abortion or adoption or keeping the baby? Will young adults know the results of their choices? Sexual education teaches all of the following, and kids in the curriculum are more likely to defend themselves in a plot when they were approached by a stranger (â€Å"TeachingRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education1632 Words   |  7 Pagessystems in the United states have been implementing sexual education into classrooms. Arguments are abundant when dealing with such fragile situations and there are many advantages and disadvantages of sexual education being taught in the public schools. It seems that most parents are either strongly for or against sex education classes, but there are a few parents that are on both sides. In fact, there are more parents that support sex education classes. However, there ar e pros and cons that mustRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education1365 Words   |  6 PagesSex education is and always has been lacking in our country. An increase in sexual education would be greatly appreciated from almost everybody, especially with how high the sexually transmitted disease rate has raised in the past twenty years. Sex education can be used to teach young people how to have safe sex and show them the scary truths of sex that they are never taught otherwise. To lower STD rates and raise pregnancy awareness in younger people, schools and parents should be teaching childrenRead MoreSex Education And Comprehensive Sexual Education1609 Words   |  7 PagesLet s talk about sex. Stances on comprehensive sexual education vary, whether it be from religious beliefs or past experiences, different views are held throughout. It is in the interests of society in general... for every secondary school pupil to be in receipt of sexual education† (Cumper 16). The phrase ‘it’s better to be safe than sorry’ applies heavily on the topic of sex education, the idea of a pregnant and STD ridden 15 year old tends to frighten a million times more than the thought ofRead MoreSex Education : Comprehensive Sexual Education972 Words   |  4 PagesSex Education Comprehensive sexual education has long been a contentious issue within the United States of America. Owing largely to America’s history and culture, sexual education has long been stigmatized as unnecessary involvement in the private life, or even misattributed to rising rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. A U.S. review article, however, poses the opposite argument – â€Å"The overwhelming weight of evidence reveals that sex education which discusses contraception

Inequalities in Maori Health

Question: Discuss about the Inequalities in Maori Health. Answer: Maori health status is directly related to the colonial history of the Aotearoa. The Maori health system was established with the establishment of Aotearoa colonial system. Colonial system was also characterized by health inequities among MÄ ori and non-MÄ ori. The health inequities in Maori are persistence and have implications in the current Maori. Moreover model such as institution and health determinants can be applied to reduce or eliminate factors that are related or increase health inequities in Maori. The following paper explores the implications of colonization on the Maori health and health inequities. Colonial system in the contemporary Aotearoa was established and maintained through dehumanizing of the indigenous Maori people, rebranding indigenous beliefs and knowledge as myths or legend, renaming lands, introduction of new cultures and confiscation of resources and creation of ethnic equalities. Colonial system that has implications to this day is maintained in the beliefs and notion that is deep engraved in the mind of individuals in Maori. It is therefore important to discuss how this colonial system is established and maintained in Maori. Colonial system was first established through dehumanizing and suppression of the indigenous. Colonizers dehumanized indigenous Maori people through the belief on the superiority of the Europeans and their culture (UN, 2007). The colonial masters therefore, subjected the indigenous people to poor health condition and neglected them. These colonial systems lead to genocides of thereby reducing the population of the Maori people. Colonial system was established through mass genocides of those indigenous people that resisted their rule in Maori. The colonial beliefs on their superiority and that of their culture or race pose restriction of freedom and responsibility of indigenous Maori people. Colonial system is also established and maintained through rebranding of indigenous beliefs, knowledge and culture. The beliefs, culture and knowledge of indigenous people of Aotearoa people was renamed myths, superstition and legends (Clark, 2008). Colonial masters therefore replaced the indigenous cultures with their own cultures and beliefs. Colonial people introduced racism and inequalities as new belief systems and knowledge. Rebranding of local culture, knowledge and beliefs, cultivated the notion of society difference mostly between Maori and no-Maori. In addition, the culture change brain washed the indigenous people thereby making them believe that they are inferior to nom-Maori. Colonial system was also established and maintained through introduction of new cultures such as racism that replaced indigenous culture of Aotearoa people. The indigenous culture of Maori people was replaced by the European culture that believed on their superiority as compare to the superiority of local people who was made inferior. Racism lead to inequalities with Maori people made to believe that their culture is inferior and wayward. The indigenous cultures were proposed to be the source of poor health that needs to be replaced by the new European culture as remedy. This further degraded the zeal for ethnic identity among the Maori people making them to lack future prospect. The colonizers deprived Aotearoa indigenous people their land leaving them overcrowded hence poor health. Coming of white settlers to Aotearoa increases the demand of land in Aotearoa. Loss of MÄ ori land resources through confiscation as a result of the 1860s wars when the colonials grabbed the local land. The Native Land Court equally led to the displacement of large numbers of MÄ ori indigenous (Campbell and Hutchings 2011). Maori people lived a poor life and unhygienic conditions after loss of their land to colonial masters. Lack of proper land among the Maori people helped the colonial to maintain their colonial system since the local lacked voice to defend themselves. Colonial systems were also created and maintained through warfare in Aotearoa. Musket warfare was one of the factors that colonizers used to establish their rule in Aotearoa. The musket warfare caused death and therefore reduced the population of indigenous people of Aotearoa. Children and women were causalities of the war and were greatly affected hence lost their freedom to the colonizers. Furthermore, musket warfare led to increased suppression and dehumanization of local Maori people. The living condition of the Maori deteriorated rapidly leading to high health risks. The health risk resulted from confinement of Maori in overcrowded setups as their lands resources are taken by settlers (Michael, 2003). Finally, the colonial system are established and maintained through creation of ethnic inequalities between Maori and nom-Maori people. Colonials made Maori people believe that the problem of Aotearoa is within Maori people themselves. The problem raised by colonials was based on the belief that Maori indeginous had inferior genes, education, intelligence and ability. The inequalities created belief that there is different in ability between Maori and non-Maori. The genetic variations were not on the basis of society diversity but the basis of Maori problems according to the colonials. The colonial therefore used genetic variation as source of creating disparities between Maori and non-Maori people (Harris, 2004). Colonia process produced health inequities in MÄ ori and non-MÄ ori. Colonization of Aotearoa created health inequalities problems such as beliefs in the genetic diversity as source of inequities, institutional and internalized racism; inequities in access to education, income and health literacy. Health inequities among Maori and non-MÄ ori arouse due to cultivation of beliefs that genetic diversity was the source of ethnic inequalities that form basis of racism. Colonial system created a notion that ethnic disparities is as a result of biological variations among different ethnic groups. Furthermore, Maori and non-MÄ ori have therefore different access to health care services. Indigenous people were deprived of the access to basic health systems due to their race and European culture of inferiority of Maori (Minister of Health, 2001). Colonial used mechanism of racism to create health inequities among Maori and non-MÄ ori. The racism mechanism was at three main level; institutional racism, internalized racism and interpersonal racism. Institutional racism focuses on the inequities of health care services between Maori and non-MÄ ori. Maori people access poor health services as compared to the non-MÄ ori who have access to good health care services. Internalized racism used by colonial master cultivated beliefs of the negativities among Maori based on the negative messages painted in them. Finally, interpersonal racism form the basis of discrimination among Maori and non-MÄ ori hence limiting interpersonal relationship among these two groups (Raeburn, 2016). Colonial process breached the rights of Maori access to health determinants such as education, health literacy, income and housing. Firstly, as stated above racisms lead to differentiation in terms of services among Maori and non-MÄ ori people. Colonial system deprived the Maori people right for good education services that is a determinant of health as compared to non-MÄ ori. Secondly, Maori health literacy was limited access to health care education services as opposed to non-MÄ ori. Thirdly, Maori people had limited access to better income hence poor life and could not access good health care services (Krieger 2001). Notion of new history of Maori has greatly influence health inequities. New history involved reshaping of the past, present and future history. In reshaping of history of Maori, Colonization of Maori by Europeans leads to redefinition of landscape, beliefs, knowledge, culture, and dehumanization, introduction of diseases and warfare that caused inequities in Maori. The concept and notion of new history in Maori is the main cause of health inequities and is centered in the redefinition or re-ownership of land of Maori people. The landscape is being discovered by colonizers and then land is renamed there creating new land ownership. Indigenous Maori people have their land taken by colonizers. Most Maori remain confined to overcrowded quarters where there is poor health and living standard. Diseases hence spread rapidly in the Maori overcrowded quarters while non Maori live in the land pieces of land (Clark, 2008). Creation notion of new history redefine beliefs and knowledge of indigenous Maori. The colonizers renamed and relabeled indigenous as superstition and myths. The central beliefs of Maori people are termed superstition than need to be forgotten and this is due to the belief of superiority among the colonizers. New comers believed that the indigenous knowledge was the source of problem for the Maori. The introduction of new knowledge of health and diseases lead to disparities between Maori and non-Maori. Disparities also arouse due to difference in the health services provided with better health provided to non-Maori (New Zealand History Online, 2012). Creation of new history also introduced new disease in the Maori that affected most of children and adult in Aotearoa. New diseases such as measles, mumps and whooping cough that had been affecting Europeans had great impact MÄ ori. It is reported that these diseases were initially affecting children in Europe. On contrary, these diseases affected both adult and children of MÄ ori. Coming of settlers as a result of Treaty of Waitangi, lead to influx of settlers to Maori. Non- MÄ ori people were accessing better health services for cure of these new diseases while MÄ ori people had limited access for health services (Paul, 2012). New history also came in hand with war, for instance the musket war of 1810 and 1840. The Musket warfare greatly caused death of Maori people as compared to non-Maori. It is estimated that Musket warfare atleast reduce the population of Maori by 1%. The mortality rate was equal to 700 people annually (Angela, 2003). The mortality was also due to poor health service available to Maori people. The differences in health services continue widen leading to suffering of indigenous people as compared to non-Maori. One of the threats of new history was dehumanization of the Maori people. The colonial people subjected Maori to health hazard conditions. Colonizers believed in their culture as superior to the culture of indigenous people. They therefore subjected Maori to discrimination mostly in provision of health care services leading to poor health standard among the indigenous people. Dehumanization was also rampart due to confiscation of Maori land by settlers and colonizers. Most indigenous people remained land without necessary shelter and contacted diseases leading to high mortality rate (Harris, 2004). Context of new history brought culture clashes as the colonizers believe that their culture is superior to the indigenous culture. The notion of culture differences was the onset of racism with the Maori culture labeled inferior, superstition and myths while non-Maori culture labeled as superior (Calman, 2004). Racism and culture differences lead to differences in services received by Maori and non-Maori people. Better health care facilities were left for non-Maori while Maori had limited access to health facilities due to their race. Institutional and health determinants model is developed to help reduce health inequities that are associated by colonization. Institutional and health determinant model is a model that combines two health models of institutional and health determinants models. Institutional model is based on analyzing intuitions that has health inequities with the aim of changing them. Members of the institutions that create inequities cited ways to reduce and eliminate health inequities. On the other hand, health determinant model concentrate on socioeconomic determinants of health inequalities (Ministry of Health, 2002). Therefore, application of institutional and health determinants model to reduce or eliminate health inequities are through training, Maori participating and partnership in decision making, Maori for Maori initiative, institutional community involvement, reporting of progress in addressing inequalities and sector relationship with tribes. The model or theory uses case study for training the locals on the importance of reducing inequities. Socioeconomic factors for inequities such as racism in different institutions are analyzed to reduce health inequities. Government participation in reducing health inequities is critical for facilitating training. Trainings are towards identification and elimination of socioeconomic factors that facilitate health inequities in New Zealand. It is the main objective of government to link education and health sector through review of literature from for decision making and policy development. Moreover, the training as strategy used in institutional theory focuses in training indigenous people on locally developed ways to reduce inequities. The second strategy used in the model is involvement of the indeginous people in the decision making. The model work in the strategy of involving the indigenous Maori in decision making towards elimination of socioeconomic factors such unemployment, illicit drug used, low ethnic identity and poor housing. The model involve various institutions around the health care sector to help use the indigenous people in eliminating the lifestyle factors that are indicators of health inequities. This implies that change of life style will help will reduce or eliminate individual health inequalities factor. The discovery of strong ethnic identity among the indigenous people is driving factors for reducing of inequities in the health sector caused by colonization (Ministry of Social Development 2006). The third way that institutional and health determinant model is applied to reduce health inequities is Maori for Maori initiative. Maori for Maori program was started to help solve economic or financial challenge that affect indigenous people and is also health determinant. The determination to reduced and eliminate health inequities is to develop financial system that help financially support the move to reduce health disparities (Becroft, 2005).The strategy works toward fund collection and support to reduce poverty level that is health determinant. Another importance of Maori for Maori initiative is campaign to raise awareness on the benefits of reducing health inequities and importance of behaviour change. The model has also instituted the behavior change as driver to reduce or eliminate health inequalities. The individual behaviour change is important since some behaviors perpetuate poor health among Maori people. Behaviors such as smoking, drug abuse, lack of excise, inadequate education and negative future prospect. These behaviors are poor health indicators that when reduced will help eliminate poor health. The behaviour change takes an individual as compared to other factors that are community factors. As an individual change their behaviors, it increases the personal health care system that eventually help create health equities among indigenous Maori (Valencia, 1997). Another way that institutional and health determinant work is through initiation of personal responsibility. The model encourages the indigenous Maori people to be responsible for creation of employment opportunities, good environmental protection, social support, balance diet and healthy family living. In this strategy, individual are encouraged through media and socioeconomic forums to be responsible in reducing this poor health determinants and create healthy living among families. According to the government, when indigenous Maori will learn to responsible health inequities determinants will be reduced or eliminated in New Zealand (Krieger, 2001). In conclusion, understanding of colonial history and the notion of new history that were created by colonization is vital for improvement of health sector. Colonial system instituted settlers immigration that in turn increases land grabbing in Aotearoa. The health inequities such as socioeconomic and political factors were set in line with racism. The result was poor health and living conditions among Maori as compared to non-Maori. The differences in health services available for Maori and no-Maori are the genesis of health inequities. Reference Angela, B. (2003), Taua Musket Wars, Land Wars, or Tikanga. 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